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theories of adult learning Learning Theory

This site is the home of the Interactive Website for Adult Education Practitioners. Primarily a literacy site and reading skills assessment site.

Learning Theory and the Adult Learner By Vicky Lara, El Paso Community College

This module provides a series of annotated websites giving definitions, key concepts, teaching tips and lesson plans, sources of on-line books and magazine articles, and bibliographies for the readers use. Because the sheer number of learning theories can be overwhelming, this module presents cursory introductions to a wide variety of those theories first. Because the process of learning itself must be understood, many of these sites elaborate to some extent on the psychology of learning--based on the teachings of Jung, Piaget, Erickson, Maslow, and Skinner.

Cooperative Learning

The California Department of Education site presents an in-depth exploration of cooperative learning including the following topics: Interdependence, Interaction, Achievement, Professional Development, References, and Resources.

Experiential Learningtheories of adult learning Learning Theory

Professional Development Module:

This on-line publication includes the chapter, Experience-Based Learning. Foley states that the experience of the learner occupies a central place in all considerations of teaching and learning. He also sees analysis, reflection and evaluations, as essential.

Experiential learning is primarily significant in its emphasis on personal involvement and personal acquisition of knowledge and skills through relevant experiences. C. R. Rogers differentiates between cognitive (meaningless) and experiential (significant) learning. This concise discussion presents the main characteristics of experiential learning, an approach Rogers sees as particularly applicable to adults. It includes references and links to relevant sites.

Section 1: Principal Theories and Approaches

Behaviorism

Jacksons article on Adult vs. Child Learning compares pedagogy and andragogy. It would interest educators working with both groups or changing from one group to the other.

Greg Kearsleys website Theory into Practice is wonderful for both beginners and general investigators of learning theory for adults. It offers multiple, explanations of many of the theories under the heading The Theories. Each entry consists of the following subsections: Overview, Scope/Application, Example, Principles, References, and Relevant Web Sites.

Learning is the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills. It is physiological as it requires the formation of cell assemblies and phase sequences. Children learn by building these assemblies and sequences. Adults spend more time new arrangements than forming new sequences.

This site is a very good, though at times quirky, source of basic concepts. This Essential Guide includes topics such as Brain and Intelligence, Adult Learning Theory, Adult Learning Theorists, Resistance to Learning, Lesson Plans (sidebar), and Study Tips. Each section includes links for each of the topics discussed.

Key Concepts:

Humanism

Andragogy

Foley, Free insurance info G. Experience-Based Learning. Understanding Adult Education and Training. 2nd ed. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 225-239.

Section 3: Teaching Tips

This site consists of an extensive series of s by William H. Jackson. Not only are the various theories included, but also information regarding the different stages of development in children and adults, practical suggestions for preparing lectures, and even study tips.

Section 4: Additional Resources

Adult Learning

Linear Functions and Their Applications in Developmental Mathematics

Purpose:

Constructivism acknowledges outside influences and stimuli while stressing individual formation and interpretation. Perhaps Piaget said it best when he said that humans are in a process of continuous self-constructionwe create knowledge in our heads and that created knowledge may be interpreted differently by each of us. From William Jacksons 1996 article, Survey of an Adult Learner

Humanism is more an approach than a theory. It stresses mutual respect and trust with learning firmly anchored in interpersonal relationships.

This is the home of the journal Focus on Basics. It offers a wealth of practical and helpful information for applications of theoretical information.

This site offers twelve links to highly relevant sites for anyone interested in adult learning theory. The site itself is interesting in that it was developed for police officers. Its selections contain clearly written, practical information.

Cooperative learning is an approach that requires interaction among learners for learning to occur.

Apart from the informative series of articles it includes, this site is a treasure trove of lesson plans, learning activities and teaching tips, at times,Insurance knowledge. categorized by discipline. An entire series of links is designed to assist tutors.

New Modules, 2007-08

This site offers a scholarly presentation of key components of cooperative learning which must be included in activities through careful planning, i.e., heterogeneous groups and individual accountability.

Meyers and Jones, Promoting Active Learning: Strategies for the College Classroom. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Visual Rhetoric: Using Advertisement Analysis in Reading and Writing Courses

This site offers both links to other sites and a bibliography. The authors of the materials are recognized experts in the field, i. e., Knowles.

Apart from basic information about cooperative learning, this site offers explanations and examples of various strategies and techniques, including:

Adult learning differs from childrens learning in that it is self-directed, problem-centered, experience based, and more often relevant to life.

Learning

Active learning is a dynamic process involving continuous adjustment and re-structuring of basic elements(talking and listening, writing, reading, and reflecting)learning strategies (small groups, case studies, and so on) and teacher resources (outside speakers, homework assignments, and so on).

In the article, Active Learning by Gachuhi and. Matiru , the authors discuss ways to use this technique in distance learning.

Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focuses on the observable, measurable aspects of experience and that, legal advice online educationally, is stimulus-response based.

Social learning sees learning as a mixture of behavior and cognition including the learners contribution to the process. It values modeling.

Transformative learning, according to Mezirow, is a theory that is partly a developmental process, but morethe process of using a priori interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of ones experience in order to guide future action. See The Theory and Practice of Transformative Learning: A Critical Review

Cognitivism

Active Learning

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Fiscal Agent: Del Mar College. Website maintained by CORD.

Developmental Mathematics: Order of Operations

Although this site was primarily designed to promote cooperative learning strategies in teaching children and adolescents, many of its examples and strategies have a much wider application and are still useful for young adults.

Transformative Learning

Andragogy is learning theory specifically for adults. It emphasizes process more than content and makes the following assumptions about the design of learning: (1) Adults need to know why they need to learn something (2) Adults need to learn experientially, (3) Adults approach learning as problem-solving, and (4) Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value. This site offers a clear, no nonsense explanation of andragogy and includes links to other relevant sites and references.

Social Learning

L. Dee Fink at the University of Oklahomas Instructional Development Program offers a model of active learning designed to present a way of conceptualizing the learning process in a way that may assist teachers in identifying meaningful forms of active learning.

This project was funded by the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act through the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.

Constructivism

Cognitivism stresses cognition and sees learning as occurring within the learner. It focuses on processing rather than behavior.

Andragogy theories of adult learning

Andragogy applies to any form of adult learning and has been used extensively in the design of organizational training programs (especially for soft skill domains such as management development).

Knowles, M. (1984). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (3rd Ed.). Houston: Gulf Publishing.

1. There is a need to explain why specific things are being taught (e.g., certain commands, fuAndragogy theories of adult learningnctions, operations, etc.)

Knowles,online education.Early drought dooms No 24 Iowa State in 66-51 loss to No 1 Baylor. M. (1975). Self-Directed Learning. Chicago: Follet.

In practical terms, andragogy means that instruction for adults needs to focus more on the process and less on the content being taught. Strategies such as case studies,Fighting The Crazy Examination Anxiety. role playing, simulations, and self-evaluation are most useful. Instructors adopt a role of cilitator or resource rather than lecturer or grader.

Knowles, M. (1984). Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

3. Instruction should take into account the wide range of different backgrounds of learners; learning materials and activities should allow for different levels/types of previous experience with computers.

Knowles (1984, Appendix D) provides an example of applying andragogy principles to the design of personal computer training:

4. Since adults are self-directed, instruction should allow learners to discover things for themselves, providing guidance and help when mistakes are made.

Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life.

For more about Knowles and his work, see:

(See computers for further discussion of this topic).

Knowles theory of andragogy is an attempt to develop a theory specifically for adult learning. Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for decisions. Adult learning programs must accommodate this fundamental aspect.

2. Instruction should be task-oriented instead of memorization -- learning activities should be in the context of common tasks to be performed.

Andragogy makes the following assumptions about the design of learning: (1) Adults need to know why they need to learn something (2) Adults need to learn experientially, (3) Adults approach learning as problem-solving, and (4) Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value.

theories of adult learning PPT Powerpoint Templates Slides and Presentations - View and Download

Learning Theories, Models, and Methods A GILD Tutorial Presenter: M.E. Sanseverino Jan 22, 2003 Aah, theres nothing more exciting than science.

The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge Books. Zemke, R. (2002) A pocket guide to useful learning theories.

Behavioral Theories Of Learning EDU 6303 Psychology of Teaching and Learning ... Michenbaum’s Model of Self-Regulated Learning An adult model performs a ...

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‘Critical and Postmodern Perspectives on Adult Learning’, pp 53-61, in S.B. Merriam (ed.), The New update to Adult Learning Theory, Number 89.

Learning Theories and Interprofessional Education: An Overview ESRC ... 2005) Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning cycle, adult learning theory & psychological theories ...

Learning Theories What is a theory? A theory provides a generatheories of adult learning PPT Powerpoint Templates Slides and Presentations - View and Downloadl explanation for ... Adult Learning (Andragogy) Knowles: adult learning was special. adults: Bring ...

Attachment theory Attachment styles Adult attachment Learning Outcomes After this lecture you should be able to: Describe the major theories of evolution and their ...

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Adult learning theories? theories of adult learning

Finally, the Multiple Intelligences construct proposed by Howard Gardner is also applicable to any learner of any age. This theory argues that there are a myriad of skills, or intelligences with which we are born, which makes us better fit to do one thing from another. For this reason, inventories must be conducted in order to tackle the real strengths and interests of the student. Moreover, it is obvious that the best adult learning theories would sustain the ct that there is, in ct, a specific skill that is unique to each of us. Not to tackle Multiple Intelligences at any level would be missing out on prime learning opportunities.

Andragogy is a concept that contends that a certain number of elements must be present in order for an adult to acquire and retain new information. Among other adult learning theories, Andragogy is specific in terms of the older learners specific needs. The elements that must be present, according to Knowles are: a) Self-Concept, b) Experience, c) Readiness, d) Orientation, and e) Motivation. The basic premise of all five elements goes as follows: as the learner becomes older, his or her roles in life and society will create their self concept. This self concept will make or break the future older learner. It is experience (the second element) which builds the self-concept, providing orientation. Finally, it is due to the ct that there is a goal in mind, an orientation, that the motivation will be triggered. This is why adult learning theories are created keeping in mind that the older learner is ready, and wants to, become better educated.

Adult learning theories? theories of adult learning,Adult learning theories? theories of adult learningIn a changing world,aduedu1431.typepad.com. education is extremely important to catch up with the time. In a world with ubiquitous access to learning institutions, older learners are seen more and more often returning to school to either get more educated, or merely more acquainted with a changing society. In the field of education, several adult learning theories reign supreme as the basal foundation that aims to determine the best ways to educate older learners. The most known adult learning theories are Knowless Andragogy (1968), Jarviss Learning Process (1987) Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences (MI ) (1993), and Learning by Experience, tumour3611.typepad.com which is a commonly known practice and theory combined.

Jarviss process contends that experience is what helps the older learners be better learners. As one of the most powerful adult learning theories, Jarviss uses the learners own life as schema. While,Angela Alguire bartending school watertown ny. in children, educators ask to suppose or create a situation,shunli174.typepad.com. Jarviss ideal argues that the older learners already have that benefit, for which using their own life experiences may be even more beneficial than creating scenarios for learning. This is why the Jarviss Process focuses on building knowledge drawn from life experiences, and preparing adults through hands-on and field experiences that can be further utilized.